Settlement Patterns *IGCSE*

Dispersed: An isolated building or a group of a few buildings forming a hamlet. The next set of buildings may be a few kilometres away. These types of settlements usually occur in adverse conditions, in places that have limited resources.

·      Nucleated: When several groups of buildings are grouped together initially for defensive purposes but now for social/ economic reasons. These usually occur every 5-10km. An example of this is the settlements in the English Midlands.

·      Linear: This occurs when buildings are strung along a main line of communication e.g. a river, or a state highway.

Migration *ALL LEVELS*

Types:
• Voluntary: For employment purposes, lifestyle
• Illegal: Mexico to USA
• Internal: Urban to rural, Internally Displaced People
• Forced: Slaves
• External: Leaving the country
• Emigration: NZ to Australia
• Immigration: China to NZ
Reasons
• Disease
• War
• Famine
• Natural disasters
• Overpopulation
 • Lack of services
• Climate
• Racial discrimination
 • Slavery
• Persecution: War, religion, race, beliefs, political beliefs, status in society

Effects of migration on receiving country:
+ Fill job shortages
+ More multicultural
+ More workers
+ Gained skilled labourers
- Intolerance
- Pressure of facilities
- Language Barriers
- More competition for jobs

Effects on origin country:
+ Relief on services
+ Money sent home
- loss of family members
- Loss of skills

Refugee Movements
➢ Due to: War, disasters, persecution, famine ect.
➢ In 2008 there were 16 million refugees
➢ 50% of refugees are children
➢ Refugee’s lack shelter, healthcare, money, clothing & education
➢ 4.5 million refugees in & around Israel
➢ 3 million refugees have fled to Pakistan/ Iran from Afghanistan
➢ The number of refugees in MEDC’s have dropped due to tighter restrictions

igcse 2011 exams

Hope these were okay this year good luck. Though it did look like a tricky exam.

Population density and distribution *IGCSE*

Population density: The average number of people per square kilometre Population distribution: The way people are spread out

Underpopulation & overpopulation *IGCSE & AS*

Consequences of too many Under 15’s 
• Costs on Education and health care services
• In the future it will result in a another ‘baby boom’


Consequences of too few under 15’s 
• Closures of schools and other services
• Too few consumers/ skilled workers to drive the economy
• Reduction in competitive advantage
• Problem providing pensions to ageing population

Underpopulated: Not enough people to develop a country’s resources. In 1982 Malaysia believed they were underpopulated at a population of 15 million.
Optimum: The size of the population permits full utilisation of natural resources of an area giving maximum per capita and a high standard of living. E.g. The UK’s is 30 million, half the size of its current population.
Overpopulated: A population increase or a decrease in natural resources that leads to a decrease in the standard of living.

Population Pyramids *IGCSE & AS*

LEDCs:

- Bottom heavy

- Stage 1-3

- Kenya: 9% of population females age 0-4

Population pyramids are pretty straight forward in terms of interpreting it - Remember in an exam when given a pyramid refer to it as much as possible! 

MEDCs:

- Middle heavy

- Stage 4

- USA: 4 % of population males aged 35-39

Demographic transition model *IGCSE & AS*

Stage 1:
- High Fluctuating
- Example: Amazonian tribes
- High Birth rate due to: lack of birth control, Religious beliefs, and children needed as labour, high infant mortality rate or it is a sign of prosperity.
- High Death Rate due to: Disease, Famine, war, lack of medical care, political reasons or a lack of rainfall
- More males live to 80 as more money spent on men for health care


Stage 2:
- Early expanding
- High Birth rate, plummeting death rate
- Example: Kenya, Bangladesh
- Death rate decreasing due to: Improvement in medical technology, more doctors, lifestyle, sanitation improved, IMR decreases and a improvement of transport
- More young dependents


Stage 3:
- Late expanding
- Example: Brazil, Mexico
- Birth rate falling, death rate flat lining
- Birth Rate decreasing due to: Education, emancipation of women lack of funds, increased use of machinery or a government policy
- Bangladesh: 24 million are females under 14


Stage 4:
- Low fluctuating
- USA, UK, China
- UK: 2.25 million males aged 35-39


Stage 5:
- Sweden Germany
- Japan: 2 million females aged 85-90
- Only 3 million under 4 females

Criticisms of the DTM
• Don’t show immigrations/ emigrations
• No specific information
• Doesn’t show life expectancies
• Based on UK experiences

Welcome to my blog

There weren't many IGCSE websites around with everything a student needs so I decided to make one. Hopefully new content will be up every week as I make it.